Abstract
BACKGROUND: Inadequate representation of women and racial minorities in heart failure (HF) clinical trials continues to limit the generalizability of the results. This could create a disparity in treatment for future heart failure therapies and devices. The study aims to assess the representation of women and racial minorities in recent heart failure studies involving sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors. METHODS: PubMed was used to search randomized controlled trials (RCTs) looking at SGLT-2 inhibitors and heart failure, which were published from inception to August 2024. RESULTS: A total of 43 RCTs with 27,703 participants were identified. The studies were published between 2018 and 2024. Seven studies (41 %) were multi-country, with 45 countries represented. The overall proportion of women enrolled in the studies was 35.6 %. The proportion of women was 24.06 % in studies that recruited only patients with HFrEF, 44.33 % in those that recruited only patients with HFpEF, and 41.4 % in those that recruited both HFrEF and HFpEF. Data on race was partially reported in 25 studies (58 %). 76 % of the pharmaceutical industry-funded studies reported race data. However, only 33.3 % of the unfunded or non-industry-funded studies reported race data. In the studies that reported race data, 72.91 % were Caucasians, 15.48 % were Asians, 5.62 % were African-American and 4.1 % were mixed race or others.In the bivariate analysis, race was more likely to be reported in studies done in the US (p < 0.001), multi-country studies (p = 0.013), and studies sponsored by pharmaceutical companies. More than a third of the study participants were more likely to be women in more recently published studies than older studies (p < 0.001). Additionally, more than a third of the study participants were more likely to be women in studies done in the US (p = 0.055). The multivariate analysis showed an increased odds of having more than a third of the study participants being women in more recently published studies (OR 1.83, 95 % CI 1.06-3.17, p = 0.031) and in studies done in the US (OR 7.69, 95 % CI 1.53-38.59, p = 0.013). CONCLUSION: Our study found that women and racial minority individuals have remained underrepresented in recent heart failure studies. Although some progress has been made over the years, more work is needed to improve data reporting and address barriers to enrollment for women and racial minority individuals in clinical trials.