Abstract
Despite their disadvantages, preclinical models in vitro are still crucial for every area of biomedical science. They remain a necessary basis for biological, biochemical, and mechanistic studies of pathophysiology of human disease, evaluation of diagnostic tests, assessment of vaccines, as well as screening of potential and repurposed drugs before they are adapted to clinical use. In contrast to animal models in vivo, preclinical in vitro models are cost and time effective. They are easier to use, and, in most cases, they are not associated with ethical concerns. Therefore, they are extensively used in cancer research. Conditional cell reprogramming (CCR) has been one of the novel technologies utilized as a preclinical model in vitro for various common cancers and other diseases. It may be even more important for the research related to rare cancers-elusive, difficult to study, and with insufficient number of relevant models available. Applications of this technology for the basic and translational studies of rare cancers are described in this article. Evaluation of the mechanisms of tumorigenicity and metastasis in neuroblastoma, neuroendocrine cervical carcinoma, ependymoma and astrocytoma, as well as screening of potential drugs and other therapeutic approaches for the laryngeal and hypopharyngeal carcinoma and adenoid cystic carcinoma, demonstrate that the CCR technology is a potential reliable model for various aspects of rare cancer research in the future.