Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and anemia are related to some cardiovascular diseases and can predict poor outcomes. Both of them can damage the heart in their own ways, but their combined effects have not been well explored. This study aimed to explore the combined effects of T2DM and anemia and the interaction between left atrial (LA) and left ventricular (LV) function by cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 177 T2DM patients without anemia, 68 T2DM patients with anemia and 73 sex-matched controls were retrospectively enrolled in this study from June 2015 to September 2022. Their LA phasic function and LV function parameters were compared to explore the combined effects of T2DM and anemia and the interaction between LA and LV function. Univariate and multivariate linear regression were done to explore the independent factors influencing LA phasic function and LV function. RESULTS: Compared with controls and T2DM patients without anemia, T2DM patients with anemia were older and had higher heart rate, higher creatinine, lower estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and lower hemoglobin (Hb) (all p < 0.05). LV global longitudinal peak strain (GLPS) significantly declined from T2DM patients with anemia to T2DM patients without anemia to controls (p < 0.001). LA volumetric function and strain were significantly impaired in T2DM patients with anemia compared with the other groups (all p < 0.05). In addition to age, eGFR, Hb and HbA1c, the LV GLPS was independently associated with all LA phasic strains (LA reservoir strain, β =0.465; LA conduit strain, β = 0.450; LA pump strain, β = 0.360, all p < 0.05). LA global conduit strain, total LA ejection fraction (LAEF) and active LAEF were independently associated with LV GLPS and LVEF. CONCLUSION: Both LA and LV function were severely impaired in T2DM patients with anemia, and T2DM and anemia were independently associated with LA phasic function. Deleterious interaction between LA function and LV function would happen in T2DM patients with or without anemia. Timely and effective monitoring and management of both LA and LV function will benefit T2DM patients.