Abstract
BACKGROUND: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a hepatic manifestation of metabolic disease and independently affects the development of cardiovascular (CV) disease. We investigated whether hepatic steatosis and/or fibrosis are associated with the development of incident heart failure (iHF), hospitalized HF (hHF), mortality, and CV death in both the general population and HF patients. METHODS: We analyzed 778,739 individuals without HF and 7445 patients with pre-existing HF aged 40 to 80 years who underwent a national health check-up from January 2009 to December 2012. The presence of hepatic steatosis and advanced hepatic fibrosis was determined using cutoff values for fatty liver index (FLI) and BARD score. We evaluated the association of FLI or BARD score with the development of iHF, hHF, mortality and CV death using multivariable-adjusted Cox regression models. RESULTS: A total of 28,524 (3.7%) individuals in the general population and 1422 (19.1%) pre-existing HF patients developed iHF and hHF respectively. In the multivariable-adjusted model, participants with an FLI ≥ 60 were at increased risk for iHF (hazard ratio [HR], 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.30, 1.24-1.36), hHF (HR 1.54, 95% CI 1.44-1.66), all-cause mortality (HR 1.62, 95% CI 1.54-1.70), and CV mortality (HR 1.41 95% CI 1.22-1.63) in the general population and hHF (HR 1.26, 95% CI 1.21-1.54) and all-cause mortality (HR 1.54 95% CI 1.24-1.92) in the HF patient group compared with an FLI < 20. Among participants with NAFLD, advanced liver fibrosis was associated with increased risk for iHF, hHF, and all-cause mortality in the general population and all-cause mortality and CV mortality in the HF patient group (all p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Hepatic steatosis and/or advanced fibrosis as assessed by FLI and BARD score was significantly associated with the risk of HF and mortality.