Abstract
ACTN2 and ACTN3 encode sarcomeric α-actinin-2 and α-actinin-3 proteins, respectively, that constitute the Z-line in mammalian skeletal muscle fibers. In human ACTN3, a nonsense mutation at codon 577 that encodes arginine (R) produces the R577X polymorphism. Individuals having a homozygous 577XX genotype do not produce α-actinin-3 protein. The 577XX genotype reportedly occurs in sprint and power athletes in frequency lower than in the normal population, suggesting that α-actinin-3 deficiency diminishes fast-type muscle function. Among humans who carry 577R alleles, varying ACTN3 expression levels under certain conditions can have diverse effects on atheletic and muscle performance. However, the factors that regulate ACTN3 expression are unclear. Here we investigated whether the unfolded protein response (UPR) under endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress regulates expression of Actn3 and its isoform Actn2 in mouse C2C12 myotubes. Among UPR-related transcription factors, XBP1 upregulated Actn2, whereas XBP1, ATF4 and ATF6 downregulated Actn3 promoter activity. Chemical induction of ER stress increased Actn2 mRNA levels, but decreased those for Actn3. ER stress also decreased α-actinin-3 protein levels, whereas levels of α-actinin-2 were unchanged. The intracellular composition of muscle contraction-related proteins was altered under ER stress, in that expression of parvalbumin (a fast-twitch muscle-specific protein) and troponin I type 1 (skeletal, slow) was suppressed. siRNA-induced suppression of Actn3 mimicked the inhibitory effect of ER stress on parvalbumin levels. Thus, endogenous expression levels of α-actinin-3 can be altered by ER stress, which may modulate muscle performance and athletic aptitudes, particularly in humans who carry ACTN3 577R alleles.