Abstract
The results of the National Lung Screening Trial strongly support early detection and definitive treatment to reduce lung cancer mortality. Once lung cancer is discovered, accurate staging at baseline is imperative to maximize patient benefit and cost-effective use of health care resources. Although computed tomography (CT) remains a powerful tool for staging of lung cancer, advances in other imaging modalities, specifically positron emission tomography/CT and magnetic resonance imaging, can improve baseline staging over CT alone and can allow a more rapid and accurate assessment of response to treatment. Although noninvasive imaging is extremely useful, tissue diagnosis remains the criterion standard for staging lung cancer and monitoring treatment response. Accordingly, tissue sampling using advanced bronchoscopic imaging guidance, such as ultrasound or electromagnetic navigation, allows precise tissue location and sampling of mediastinal nodes or lung nodules in the least invasive manner. In the future, bronchoscopy may allow real-time microscopic analysis.