Conclusions
Our results indicate that apigenin effectively suppressed prostate cancer progression in TRAMP mice by attenuating IGF-I/IGFBP-3 signaling and inhibiting angiogenesis and metastasis.
Methods
Mice received p.o. apigenin at 20 and 50 μg/day dose for 20 weeks. ELISA, Western blotting and immunohistochemistry were performed to examine the IGF-axis and its regulated pathway in response to apigenin intake.
Purpose
Deregulation of IGF signaling plays an important role in prostate cancer and contributes to invasion and metastasis. We determined the effect of apigenin, a plant flavone, on IGF signaling and its downstream targets in TRAMP mice.
Results
Increased serum levels of IGF-I, VEGF, uPA and concomitant decrease in IGFBP-3 were observed; p-Akt (Ser473), p-ERK1 (T202/Y204) and p-ERK2 (T185/Y187) expression increased in the dorso-lateral prostate of TRAMP mice during the course of cancer progression as a function of age. P.o. administration of apigenin resulted in substantial reduction in the levels of IGF-I and increase in the levels of IGFBP-3 in the serum and the dorso-lateral prostate. This modulation of IGF/IGFBP-3 was associated with an inhibition of p-Akt and p-ERK1/2. Apigenin intake resulted in marked inhibition of VEGF, uPA, MMP-2 and MMP-9 which coincided with tumor growth inhibition and complete absence of metastasis in TRAMP mice. Conclusions: Our results indicate that apigenin effectively suppressed prostate cancer progression in TRAMP mice by attenuating IGF-I/IGFBP-3 signaling and inhibiting angiogenesis and metastasis.