Abstract
BACKGROUND: Head movement in the scanner causes spurious signal changes in the blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) signal, confounding resting state functional connectivity (RSFC) estimates obtained from functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). We examined the effectiveness of Prospective Acquisition CorrEction (PACE) in reducing motion artifacts in BOLD data. METHODS: Using PACE-corrected RS-fMRI data obtained from 44 subjects and subdividing them into low- and high-motion cohorts, we investigated voxel-wise motion-BOLD relationships, the distance-dependent functional connectivity artifact and the correlation between head motion and connectivity metrics such as posterior cingulate seed-based connectivity and network degree centrality. RESULTS: Our results indicate that, when PACE is used in combination with standard retrospective motion correction strategies, it provides two principal advantages over conventional echo-planar imaging (EPI) RS-fMRI data: (a) PACE was effective in eliminating significant negative motion-BOLD relationships, shown to be associated with signal dropouts caused by head motion, and (b) Censoring with a lower threshold (framewise displacement >0.5 mm) and a smaller window around the motion corrupted time point provided qualitatively equivalent reductions in the motion artifact with PACE when compared to a more conservative threshold of 0.2 mm required with conventional EPI data. CONCLUSIONS: PACE when used in conjunction with retrospective motion correction methods including nuisance signal and motion parameter regression, and censoring, did prove effective in almost eliminating head motion artifacts, even with a lower censoring threshold. Use of a lower censoring threshold could provide substantial savings in data that would otherwise be lost to censoring. Three-dimensional PACE has negligible overhead in terms of scan time, sequence modifications or additional and hence presents an attractive option for head motion correction in high-throughput resting-state BOLD imaging.