Abstract
The in situ preservation of animal behaviour in the fossil record is exceedingly rare, but can lead to unique macroecological and macroevolutionary insights, especially regarding early representatives of major animal clades. We describe a new complex ecological relationship from the middle Cambrian Burgess Shale (Raymond Quarry, Canada). More than 30 organic tubes were recorded with multiple enteropneust and polychaete worms preserved within them. Based on the tubicolous nature of fossil enteropneusts, we suggest that they were the tube builders while the co-preserved polychaetes were commensals. These findings mark, to our knowledge, the first record of commensalism within Annelida and Hemichordata in the entire fossil record. The finding of multiple enteropneusts sharing common tubes suggests that either the tubes represent reproductive structures built by larger adults, and the enteropneusts commonly preserved within are juveniles, or these enteropneusts were living as a pseudo-colony without obligate attachment to each other, and the tube was built collaboratively. While neither hypothesis can be ruled out, gregarious behaviour was clearly an early trait of both hemichordates and annelids. Further, commensal symbioses in the Cambrian may be more common than currently recognized.