Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunctions contribute to brain injury in ischemic stroke while disturbance of mitochondrial dynamics results in mitochondrial dysfunction. Mitochondrial E3 ubiquitin ligase 1 (Mul1) involves in regulation of mitochondrial fission and fusion. This study aims to explore whether Mul1 contributes to brain injury in ischemic stroke and the underlying mechanisms. First, a rat ischemic stroke model was established by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), which showed ischemic injuries (increase in neurological deficit score and infarct volume) and upregulation of Mul1 in brain tissues. Next, Mul1 siRNAs were injected intracerebroventricularly to knockdown Mul1 expression, which evidently attenuated brain injuries (decrease in neurological deficit score, infarct volume and caspase-3 activity), restored mitochondrial dynamics and functions (decreases in mitochondrial fission and cytochrome c release while increase in ATP production), and restored protein levels of dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1, a mitochondrial fission protein) and mitofusin2 (Mfn2, a mitochondrial fusion protein) through suppressing their sumoylation and ubiquitination, respectively. Finally, PC12 cells were cultured under hypoxic condition to mimic the ischemic stroke. Consistently, knockdown of Mul1 significantly reduced hypoxic injuries (decrease in apoptosis and LDH release), restored protein levels of Drp1 and Mfn2, recovered mitochondrial dynamics and functions (decreases in mitochondrial fission, mitochondrial membrane potential, reactive oxygen species production and cytochrome c release while increase in ATP production). Based on these observations, we conclude that upregulation of Mul1 contributes to brain injury in ischemic stroke rats and disturbs mitochondrial dynamics through sumoylation of Drp1 and ubiquitination of Mfn2.