Abstract
The atrial myocardium demonstrates the highly heterogeneous organization of the transversal-axial tubule system (TATS), although its anatomical distribution and region-specific impact on Ca2+ dynamics remain unknown. Here, we developed a novel method for high-resolution confocal imaging of TATS in intact live mouse atrial myocardium and applied a custom-developed MATLAB-based computational algorithm for the automated analysis of TATS integrity. We observed a twofold higher (P < 0.01) TATS density in the right atrial appendage (RAA) than in the intercaval regions (ICR, the anatomical region between the superior vena cava and atrioventricular junction and between the crista terminalis and interatrial septum). Whereas RAA predominantly consisted of well-tubulated myocytes, ICR showed partially tubulated/untubulated cells. Similar TATS distribution was also observed in healthy human atrial myocardium sections. In both mouse atrial preparations and isolated mouse atrial myocytes, we observed a strong anatomical correlation between TATS distribution and Ca2+ transient synchronization and rise-up time. This region-specific difference in Ca2+ transient morphology disappeared after formamide-induced detubulation. ICR myocytes showed a prolonged action potential duration at 80% of repolarization as well as a significantly lower expression of RyR2 and Cav1.2 proteins but similar levels of NCX1 and Cav1.3 compared with RAA tissue. Our findings provide a detailed characterization of the region-specific distribution of TATS in mouse and human atrial myocardium, highlighting the structural foundation for anatomical heterogeneity of Ca2+ dynamics and contractility in the atria. These results could indicate different roles of TATS in Ca2+ signaling at distinct anatomical regions of the atria and provide mechanistic insight into pathological atrial remodeling.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Mouse and human atrial myocardium demonstrate high variability in the organization of the transversal-axial tubule system (TATS), with more organized TATS expressed in the right atrial appendage. TATS distribution governs anatomical heterogeneity of Ca2+ dynamics and thus could contribute to integral atrial contractility, mechanics, and arrhythmogenicity.