Abstract
RATIONALE: Loss-of-function mutations in human ether go-go (HERG) potassium channels underlie long QT syndrome type 2 (LQT2) and are associated with fatal ventricular tachyarrhythmia. Previously, most studies focused on plasma membrane-related pathways involved in arrhythmogenesis in long QT syndrome, whereas proarrhythmic changes in intracellular Ca(2+) handling remained unexplored. OBJECTIVE: We investigated the remodeling of Ca(2+) homeostasis in ventricular cardiomyocytes derived from transgenic rabbit model of LQT2 to determine whether these changes contribute to triggered activity in the form of early after depolarizations (EADs). METHODS AND RESULTS: Confocal Ca(2+) imaging revealed decrease in amplitude of Ca(2+) transients and sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) content in LQT2 myocytes. Experiments using sarcoplasmic reticulum-entrapped Ca(2+) indicator demonstrated enhanced ryanodine receptor (RyR)-mediated sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) leak in LQT2 cells. Western blot analyses showed increased phosphorylation of RyR in LQT2 myocytes versus controls. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments demonstrated loss of protein phosphatases type 1 and type 2 from the RyR complex. Stimulation of LQT2 cells with β-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol resulted in prolongation of the plateau of action potentials accompanied by aberrant Ca(2+) releases and EADs, which were abolished by inhibition of Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type 2. Computer simulations showed that late aberrant Ca(2+) releases caused by RyR hyperactivity promote EADs and underlie the enhanced triggered activity through increased forward mode of Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger type 1. CONCLUSIONS: Hyperactive, hyperphosphorylated RyRs because of reduced local phosphatase activity enhance triggered activity in LQT2 syndrome. EADs are promoted by aberrant RyR-mediated Ca(2+) releases that are present despite a reduction of sarcoplasmic reticulum content. Those releases increase forward mode Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger type 1, thereby slowing repolarization and enabling L-type Ca(2+) current reactivation.