Abstract
The lack of an animal model or an in vitro model limits experimental options for studying temporal molecular events in pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PXF), an age related fibrillopathy causing trabecular meshwork damage and glaucoma. Our goal was to create a workable in vitro model of PXF using primary human TM (HTM) cell lines simulating human disease. Primary HTM cells harvested from healthy donors (n = 3), were exposed to various concentrations (5 ng/mL, 10 ng/mL, 15 ng/mL) of transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-β1) for different time points. Morphological change of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) was analyzed by direct microscopic visualization and immunoblotting for EMT markers. Expression of pro-fibrotic markers were analyzed by quantitative RT-PCR and immunoblotting. Cell viability and death in treated cells was analyzed using FACS and MTT assay. Protein complex and amyloid aggregate formation was analyzed by Immunofluorescence of oligomer11 and amyloid beta fibrils. Effect of these changes with pharmacological inhibitors of canonical and non-canonical TGF pathway was done to analyze the pathway involved. The expression of pro-fibrotic markers was markedly upregulated at 10 ng/mL of TGF-β1 exposure at 48-72 h of exposure with associated EMT changes at the same time point. Protein aggregates were seen maximally at these time points that were found to be localized around the nucleus and in the extracellular matrix (ECM). EMT and pro-fibrotic expression was differentially regulated by different canonical and non-canonical pathways suggesting complex regulatory mechanisms. This in vitro model using HTM cells simulated the main characteristics of human disease in PXF like pro-fibrotic gene expression, EMT, and aggregate formation.