Abstract
BACKGROUND: The efficacy of highly restrictive dietary therapies such as exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN) in the induction of remission in Crohn's disease (CD) are well established, however, ongoing issues exist with its poor palatability, restrictions, and adherence. The primary aim of this review is to evaluate the current evidence for the efficacy of exclusively solid food diets on the induction and maintenance of clinical and biochemical remission in CD. Secondary aims include impact on endoscopic healing and quality of life. METHODS: A systematic review of all randomised controlled trials (RCTs), open-label randomised trials and head-to-head clinical trials assessing solid food diet intervention in patients with active or inactive Crohn's disease was conducted. Studies included adult and paediatric patients with a verified disease activity index at baseline and follow up (Harvey Bradshaw Index, HBI; Crohn's disease activity index, CDAI and paediatric CDAI, PCDAI). Additional secondary endpoints varied between studies, including endoscopic and biochemical responses, as well as quality of life measures. Two authors independently performed critical appraisals of the studies, including study selection and risk of bias assessments. RESULTS: 14 studies were included for review, with several studies suggesting clinically significant findings. Clinical remission was achieved in a paediatric population undertaking the Mediterranean diet (MD) (moderate risk of bias). In adults, the Crohn's disease exclusion diet (CDED) was comparable to the CDED with partial enteral nutrition (PEN) diet in induction of remission (moderate risk of bias). A low fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides and polyols (FODMAP) diet was also shown to decrease symptoms in patients with quiescent or mildly active CD (high risk of bias), however, this was not corroborated by other low FODMAP diet studies. CONCLUSIONS: There are promising outcomes for the MD and CDED in inducing clinical remission in mild to moderate CD. The results need to be interpreted with caution due to design limitations, including issues with combining outcomes among CD and UC patients, and small sample size. The current evidence for solid food dietary therapy in CD is limited by the lack of high quality studies and moderate to high bias. Future well designed studies are needed to confirm their efficacy.