Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (apoE) and apoE-mimetic peptides exert prominent anti-inflammatory effects. We determined the anti-inflammatory effects of novel apoE receptor mimetics, composed of the LDL receptor-binding domain of apoE (aa 133-152, ApoEp) or ApoEp with 6 lysines (6KApoEp) or 6 aspartates added at the N-terminus (6DApoEp). BV2 microglia and human THP-1 monocytes were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the absence or presence of ApoEp, 6KApoEp or 6DApoEp, followed by determination of pro-inflammatory tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) release by ELISA. As signaling intermediates of inflammation, Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (STAT3), Janus-Activated Kinase2 (JAK2) and p38 and p44/42 MAPK phosphorylation levels were determined by Western blot analysis. In addition, we isolated splenocytes from female htau mice treated with 6KApoEp or 6K for 28 weeks, followed by determination of concanavalinA (conA)-mediated interferon gamma (IFNγ) release. 6KApoEp starting at 2.5 µM significantly reduced LPS-mediated TNFα and IL-6 secretion in BV2 and THP-1 cells in a dose-dependent manner. In BV2 cells, 6KApoEp reduced TNFα secretion more effectively than 6DApoEp and ApoEp, which was blocked by PCSK9 treatment, suggesting a role for LDL receptors. 6KApoEp also inhibited LPS-induced p44/42 MAPK, JAK2 and STAT3 phosphorylation, while enhancing p38 MAPK phosphorylation. In addition, conA induced significantly less IFNγ release in splenocytes derived from htau mice treated with 6KApoEp compared with those treated with 6K. Thus, 6KApoEp most effectively reduces LPS-mediated neuroinflammation by interacting with LDL receptors, thus representing a novel anti-inflammatory agent for treatment of neurodegenerative disease.