Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Gestational disorders including preeclampsia, growth restriction and diabetes are characterized, in part, by altered metabolic interactions between mother and fetus. Understanding their functional relevance requires metabolic characterization under normotypic conditions. METHODS: We performed untargeted metabolomics on livers of pregnant, late-term C57Bl/6J mice (N = 9 dams) and their fetuses (pooling 4 fetuses/litter), using UPLC-MS/MS. RESULTS: Multivariate analysis of 730 hepatic metabolites revealed that maternal and fetal metabolite profiles were highly compartmentalized, and were significantly more similar within fetuses (ρ(average) = 0.81), or within dams (ρ(average) = 0.79), than within each maternal-fetal dyad (ρ(average) = - 0.76), suggesting that fetal hepatic metabolism is under distinct and equally tight metabolic control compared with its respective dam. The metabolite profiles were consistent with known differences in maternal-fetal metabolism. The reduced fetal glucose reflected its limited capacity for gluconeogenesis and dependence upon maternal plasma glucose pools. The fetal decreases in essential amino acids and elevations in their alpha-keto acid carnitine conjugates reflects their importance as secondary fuel sources to meet fetal energy demands. Whereas, contrasting elevations in fetal serine, glycine, aspartate, and glutamate reflects their contributions to endogenous nucleotide synthesis and fetal growth. Finally, the elevated maternal hepatic lipids and glycerol were consistent with a catabolic state that spares glucose to meet competing maternal-fetal energy demands. CONCLUSIONS: The metabolite profile of the late-term mouse dam and fetus is consistent with prior, non-rodent analyses utilizing plasma and urine. These data position mouse as a suitable model for mechanistic investigation into how maternal-fetal metabolism adapts (or not) to gestational stressors.