Abstract
Flexible control of the contents of working memory (WM) includes removing no-longer-relevant information. Although simply withdrawing attention offers a "passive" mechanism, empirical findings suggest that it is also possible to actively remove information from WM. In this Registered Report we tested evidence that the bias (serial dependence) that an item exerts on the subsequent trial will be opposite in sign-attraction vs. repulsion - depending on whether it was passively or actively removed, respectively. A repulsive bias would be consistent with a specific mechanism for active removal: a rapid adaptation-like modification of perceptual circuitry. In a preliminary study, trials of two types were administered in pairs, multi-item WM followed by 1-item delayed recall, and we evaluated serial dependence of the latter on items from the former. In the first trial of each pair, two memoranda were presented, then one was designated irrelevant, then a third memorandum was presented. The critical manipulation was whether the third item was presented at the same location as the now "irrelevant memory item" (IMI). Overlap between the two should prompt the active removal of the IMI, whereas nonoverlap might prompt just the withdrawal of attention. Whereas the IMI exerted the expected attractive bias on 1-item recall in the no-overlap condition, we found an (unexpected) repulsive bias in the overlap condition. Because repulsive biases have been attributed to the adaptation-like modification of perceptual circuitry, replication of this result in this Registered Report would provide independent evidence for this mechanism for active removal from WM. Interpretation of the Stage 2 results are complicated by the fact that the approved Registered Report, carried out online, generated data that failed to meet a basic sanity check, and were therefore uninterpretable. Consequently, a follow-up lab-based experiment using procedures similar to the Registered Report generated results consistent with the hypothesis of principal theoretical interest: The IMI in the overlap condition exerted a repulsive bias on the subsequent trial.