Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has tested the technical, scientific, and industrial resources of all countries worldwide. Faced with the absence of pharmacological strategies against the disease, an effective plan for vaccinating against SARS-CoV-2 has been essential. Due to the lack of production means and necessary infrastructure, only a few nations could adequately confront this pathogen with a production, storage, and distribution scheme in place. This disease has become endemic in many countries, especially in those that are developing, thus necessitating solutions tailored to their reality. In this paper, we propose an in silico method to guide the design towards a thermally stable, universal, efficient, and safe COVID-19 vaccine candidate against SARS-CoV-2 using bioinformatics, immunoinformatics, and molecular modeling approaches for the selection of antigens with higher immunogenic potential, incorporating them into the surface of the M13 phage. Our work focused on using phagemid display as peptide array for neutralizing antibodies (PdPANA). This alternative approach might be useful during the vaccine development process, since it could bring improvements in terms of cost-effectiveness in production, durability, and ease of distribution of the vaccine under less stringent thermal conditions compared to existing methods. Our results suggest that in the heavily glycosylated region of SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein (aa 344-583), from its inter-glycosylated regions, useful antigenic peptides can be obtained to be used in M13 phagemid display system. PdPANA, our proposed method might be useful to overcome the classic shortcoming posed by the phage-display technique (i.e., the time-consuming task of in vitro screening through great sized libraries with non-useful recombinant proteins) and obtain the most ideal recombinant proteins for vaccine design purposes.