Detection and characterisation of extended-spectrum and plasmid-mediated AmpC β-lactamase produced by Escherichia coli isolates found at poultry farms in Bosnia and Herzegovina

检测和鉴定波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那家禽养殖场大肠杆菌分离株产生的超广谱和质粒介导的 AmpC β-内酰胺酶

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作者:Majda Fetahagić, Amir Ibrahimagić, Selma Uzunović, Nataša Beader, Vesna Elveđi-Gašparović, Josefa Luxner, Muhamed Gladan, Branka Bedenić

Abstract

German Extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) hydrolyse extended-spectrum cephalosporins (ESC) and aztreonam. As ESBL-producing organisms have been identified in food producing animals, the aim of our study was to detect and analyse such Escherichia coli isolates from poultry. Antibiotic susceptibility of the isolates was determined with disk-diffusion and broth microdilution methods. ESBLs were detected with the double-disk synergy and inhibitor-based test with clavulanic acid. The transferability of cefotaxime resistance was determined with conjugation experiments, and genes encoding ESBLs, plasmid-mediated AmpC β-lactamases, and quinolone resistance determinants identified by polymerase chain reaction. The study included 108 faecal samples (cloacal swabs) from 25 different poultry farms in the Zenica-Doboj Canton, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Of these, 75 (69.4 %) were positive for E. coli, of which 27 were resistant to cefotaxime, amoxicillin, cefazoline, and cefriaxone, and susceptible to imipenem, meropenem, ertapenem, and amikacin. All 27 cefotaxime-resistant isolates were positive in double-disk synergy and combined disk tests. Eighteen isolates transferred cefotaxime resistance to E. coli recipient. Twenty-one isolates were positive for the bla CTX-M-1 cluster genes and seven for bla CTX-M-15. Fourteen were positive for the bla TEM genes. The most frequent plasmid incompatibility group was IncFIB, whereas IncFIA and Inc HI1 were present in only a few isolates. Two different sequence types (STs) were identified: ST117 and ST155. The emergence of ESBL-producing E. coli in farm animals presents a public health threat, as they can colonise the intestine and cause infections in humans. Beta-laktamaze proširenog spektra djelovanja (ESBL) enzimi su koji izazivaju rezistenciju na peniciline, na prvu, drugu, treću i četvrtu generaciju cefalosporina i na aztreonam. Osim u ljudskim uzorcima, ESBL-pozitivni izolati pronađeni su i u hrani životinjskoga podrijetla. Cilj istraživanja bio je analizirati suspektne ESBL-producirajuće izolate dobivene na peradarskim farmama u Zeničko-dobojskom kantonu u Bosni i Hercegovini. Osjetljivost na antibiotike određena je disk-difuzijskom bujonskom mikrodilucijskom metodom. ESBL-producirajući izolati detektirani su metodom dvostrukoga diska i metodom kombiniranih diskova s klavulanskom kiselinom. Prenosivost rezistencije na cefotaksim određena je metodom konjugacije u bujonu. Za detekciju gena koji kodiraju ESBL, plazmidne AmpC beta-laktamaze i determinante rezistencije na kinolone primijenjena je lančana reakcija polimeraze (PCR, od engl. Polymerase Chain Reaction). Na 25 peradarskih farmi u Zeničko-dobojskom kantonu ukupno je prikupljeno 108 uzoraka fecesa (obrisci kloake). Od 108 brisova, njih 75 (69,4 %) bilo je pozitivno na E. coli, od čega je 27 rezistentno na cefotaksim. Izolati su pokazali otpornost na amoksicilin, cefazolin, cefotaksim i cefriakson te osjetljivost na imipenem, meropenem, ertapenem i amikacin. U dvadeset šest izolata E. coli primjenom fenotipskih testova potvrđena je produkcija ESBLs-a. Rezistencije na cefotaksim prenesena je s osamnaest izolata na E. coli recipijent soj. PCR-om su utvrđeni bla CTX-M geni, koji pripadaju grupi 1, u dvadeset jednog izolata, od kojih je pet bilo pozitivno na bla CTX-M-15. Četrnaest izolata imalo je pozitivan test na bla TEM gene. Najčešća inkompatibilna grupa plazmida bila je IncFIB, a IncFIA i Inc HI1 zastupljeni su u nekoliko izolata. Identificirane su dvije različite klonske skupine, i to ST: ST117 i ST155. Pojava ESBL-producirajućih E. coli izolata u domaćih životinja opasnost je za javno zdravlje jer mogu izazvati kolonizaciju crijeva i posljedične infekcije u ljudi.

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