Abstract
A family of homodinuclear Ln(3+) (Ln(3+) = Gd(3+), Eu(3+)) luminescent complexes with the general formula [Ln(2)(β-diketonato)(6)(N-oxide)(y)] has been developed to study the effect of the β-diketonato and N-oxide ligands on their thermometric properties. The investigated complexes are [Ln(2)(tta)(6)(pyrzMO)(2)] (Ln = Eu (1·C(7)H(8)), Gd (5)), [Ln(2)(dbm)(6)(pyrzMO)(2)] (Ln = Eu (2), Gd (6)), [Ln(2)(bta)(6)(pyrzMO)(2)] (Ln = Eu (3), Gd (7)), [Ln(2)(hfac)(6)(pyrzMO)(3)] (Ln = Eu (4), Gd (8)) (pyrzMO = pyrazine N-oxide, Htta = thenoyltrifluoroacetone, Hdbm = dibenzoylmethane, Hbta = benzoyltrifluoroacetone, Hhfac = hexafluoroacetylacetone, C(7)H(8) = toluene), and their 4,4'-bipyridine N-oxide (bipyMO) analogues. Europium complexes emit a bright red light under UV radiation at room temperature, whose intensity displays a strong temperature (T) dependence between 223 and 373 K. This remarkable variation is exploited to develop a series of luminescent thermometers by using the integrated intensity of the (5)D(0) → (7)F(2) europium transition as the thermometric parameter (Δ). The effect of different β-diketonato and N-oxide ligands is investigated with particular regard to the shape of thermometer calibration (Δ vs T) and relative thermal sensitivity curves: i.e.. the change in Δ per degree of temperature variation usually indicated as S(r) (% K(-1)). The thermometric properties are determined by the presence of two nonradiative deactivation channels, back energy transfer (BEnT) from Eu(3+) to the ligand triplet levels and ligand to metal charge transfer (LMCT). In the complexes bearing tta and dbm ligands, whose triplet energy is ca. 20000 cm(-1), both deactivation channels are active in the same temperature range, and both contribute to determine the thermometric properties. Conversely, with bta and hfac ligands the response of the europium luminescence to temperature variation is ruled by LMCT channels since the high triplet energy (>21400 cm(-1)) makes BEnT ineffective in the investigated temperature range.