Background
Morphine tolerance has been a challenging medical issue. Neuroinflammation is considered as a critical mechanism for the development of morphine tolerance. Bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4), a key regulator in cell damage and inflammation, participates in the development of chronic pain. However, whether BRD4 is involved in morphine tolerance and the underlying mechanisms remain unknown.
Conclusion
This study demonstrated for the first time that spinal BRD4 contributes to pyroptosis and switch of microglia polarization via STING-IRF3 signaling pathway during the development of morphine tolerance, which extend the understanding of the neuroinflammation mechanism of morphine tolerance and provide an alternative strategy for the precaution against of this medical condition.
Methods
The morphine-tolerant rat model was established by intrathecal administration of morphine twice daily for 7 days. Behavior test was assessed by a tail-flick latency test. The roles of BRD4, pyroptosis, microglia polarization and related signaling pathways in morphine tolerance were elucidated by Western blot, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and immunofluorescence.
Results
Repeated morphine administration upregulated BRD4 level, induced pyroptosis, and promoted microglia M1-polarization in spinal cord, accompanied by the release of proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α and IL-1β. JQ-1, a BRD4 antagonist, alleviated the development of morphine tolerance, diminished pyroptosis and induced the switch of microglia from M1 to M2 phenotype. Mechanistically, stimulator of interferon gene (STING)- interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) pathway was activated and the protective effect of JQ-1 against morphine tolerance was at least partially mediated by inhibition of STING-IRF3 pathway.