Abstract
BACKGROUND: Ultrasound beam aberration correction is vital when focusing ultrasound through the skull bone in transcranial magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound (tcMRgFUS) applications. Current methods make transducer element phase adjustments to compensate for the variation in skull properties (shape, thickness, and acoustic properties), but do not account for variations in the internal brain anatomy. PURPOSE: Our objective is to investigate the effect of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and brain anatomy on beam focusing in tcMRgFUS treatments. METHODS: Simulations were conducted with imaging data from 20 patients previously treated with focused ultrasound for disabling tremor. The Hybrid Angular Spectrum (HAS) method was used to test the effect of including cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) and brain anatomy in determining the element phases used for aberration correction and beam focusing. Computer tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) images from patient treatments were used to construct a segmented model of each patient's head. The segmented model for treatment simulation consisted of water, skin, fat, brain, CSF, diploë, and cortical bone. Transducer element phases used for treatment simulation were determined using time reversal from the desired focus, generating a set of phases assuming a homogeneous brain in the intracranial volume, and a second set of phases assigning CSF acoustic properties to regions of CSF. In addition, for three patients, the relative effect of separately including CSF speed of sound values compared to CSF attenuation values was found. RESULTS: We found that including CSF acoustic properties (speed of sound and attenuation) during phase planning compared to phase correction without considering CSF increased the absorbed ultrasound power density ratios at the focus over a range of 1.06 to 1.29 (mean of 17% ± 6%) for 20 patients. Separately considering the CSF speed of sound and CSF attenuation showed that the increase was due almost entirely to including the CSF speed of sound; considering only the CSF attenuation had a negligible effect. CONCLUSIONS: Based on HAS simulations, treatment planning phase determination using morphologically realistic CSF and brain anatomy yielded an increase of up to 29% in the ultrasound focal absorbed power density. Future work will be required to validate the CSF simulations.