Abstract
Oxidative protein folding can exceed the cellular secretion machinery, inducing the unfolded protein response (UPR). Sustained endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress leads to cell stress and disease, as described for Alzheimer, Parkinson, and diabetes mellitus, among others. It is currently assumed that the redox state of the ER is optimally balanced for formation of disulfide bonds using glutathione as the main redox buffer and that UPR causes a reduction of this organelle. The direct effect of oxidative protein folding in the ER, however, has not yet been dissected from UPR regulation. To measure in vivo redox conditions in the ER and cytosol of the yeast model organism Pichia pastoris we targeted redox-sensitive roGFP variants to the respective organelles. Thereby, we clearly demonstrate that induction of the UPR causes reduction of the cytosol in addition to ER reduction. Similarly, a more reduced redox state of the cytosol, but not of the ER, is observed during oxidative protein folding in the ER without UPR induction, as demonstrated by overexpressing genes of disulfide bond-rich secretory proteins such as porcine trypsinogen or protein disulfide isomerase (PDI1) and ER oxidase (ERO1). Cytosolic reduction seems not to be caused by the action of glutathione reductase (GLR1) and could not be compensated for by overexpression of cytosolic glutathione peroxidase (GPX1). Overexpression of GPX1 and PDI1 oxidizes the ER and increases the secretion of correctly folded proteins, demonstrating that oxidative protein folding per se is enhanced by a more oxidized ER and is counterbalanced by a more reduced cytosol. As the total glutathione concentration of these strains does not change significantly, but the ratio of GSH to GSSG is altered, either transport or redox signaling between the glutathione pools of ER and cytosol is assumed. These data clearly demonstrate that protein folding and ER stress have a severe impact on the cytosolic redox balance, which may be a major factor during development of folding-related diseases.