Abstract
PURPOSE: The primary purpose of this preliminary study was to explore whether a clinician's use of active listening skills (i.e., client-directed eye gaze and paraphrasing) influenced parents' perceptions of clinical empathy in a stuttering assessment. A secondary purpose was to determine whether parent age, education, or parent concern predicted perceived clinical empathy. METHOD: Participants (n = 51 parents/guardians of children who stutter) watched two counter-balanced videos of a clinician demonstrating either high or low frequency use of active listening skills during the clinician's initial assessment with a standardized patient actor portraying a parent of a child who stutters. After each video, parents rated the clinician's empathy and active listening skills via the Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy for Observers (JSPEO; Hojat et al., 2017) and the Counselor Activity Self-Efficacy Scales - Modified (Victorino & Hinkle, 2018). Participants then completed a demographic questionnaire and rated their concern about their child's stuttering. RESULTS: Paired t-tests demonstrated significantly higher ratings of perceived clinical empathy in the high frequency active listening condition compared to the low frequency condition (d = 0.548). Simple linear regression analyses indicated parent age or level of education did not predict perceived clinical empathy. An independent samples t-test indicated that parent concern about stuttering did not predict perceived clinical empathy. CONCLUSIONS: Preliminary findings suggest that the clinician was viewed as significantly more understanding, concerned, and caring (i.e., perceived as empathic) when active listening skills were used. Parents' ratings of empathy on the JSPEO, based on high levels of active listening by the clinician, were not associated with parents' ages, education levels, or concern about their children's stuttering. This may reflect the value of active listening in clinical relationships regardless of variables specific to the recipient (e.g., parent of a child who stutters). Given that parents are more apt to share thoughts and emotions about their child's communication with clinicians who demonstrate empathic qualities, this preliminary study suggests that the use of active listening skills warrant emphasis in clinical training.