Abstract
LW-1 is a collagen-linked blue fluorophore whose skin levels increase with age, diabetes and end-stage renal disease (ESRD), and correlate with the long-term progression of microvascular disease and indices of subclinical cardiovascular disease in type 1 diabetes. The chemical structure of LW-1 is still elusive, but earlier NMR analyses showed it has a lysine residue in an aromatic ring coupled to a sugar molecule reminiscent of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs). We hypothesized and demonstrate here that the unknown sugar is a N-linked glucuronic acid. LW-1 was extracted and highly purified from ~99 g insoluble skin collagen obtained at autopsy from patients with diabetes/ESRD using multiple rounds of proteolytic digestion and purification by liquid chromatography (LC). Advanced NMR techniques (1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, 1H-13C HSQC, 1H-1H TOCSY, 1H-13C HMBC) together with LC-mass spectrometry (MS) revealed a loss of 176 amu (atomic mass unit) unequivocally point to the presence of a glucuronic acid moiety in LW-1. To confirm this data, LW-1 was incubated with β-glycosidases (glucosidase, galactosidase, glucuronidase) and products were analyzed by LC-MS. Only glucuronidase could cleave the sugar from the parent molecule. These results establish LW-1 as a glucuronide, now named glucuronidine, and for the first time raise the possible existence of a "glucuronidation pathway of diabetic complications". Future research is needed to rigorously probe this concept and elucidate the molecular origin and biological source of a circulating glucuronidine aglycone.