Abstract
BACKGROUND: In a post-genocide context, mental health disorders among Rwandan genocide survivors and released perpetrators remain a critical concern. To date, no study has evaluated the effectiveness of the Community Resiliency Model (CRM) skills in addressing the mental health needs of both groups simultaneously. This study assessed the impact of CRM when delivered to a combined group of survivors and perpetrators, compared to groups trained separately. METHODS: A total of 152 participants were recruited from Nyamagabe district, Rwanda. Participants were assigned into three groups including genocide survivors (n = 51), released genocide perpetrators (n = 51), and a combined group of both survivors and perpetrators (n = 50). Data were collected at three points: pre-intervention, immediately post-intervention, and six months post-intervention using validated psychometric scales for anxiety, depression, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), emotional dysregulation, and anger. Repeated measures ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc tests were used to analyze changes over time. A statistical significance of p < 0.005 and p < 0.001 was applied. RESULTS: Our findings showed significant reduction of anxiety (F = 20.17, p < 0.001), depression (F = 37.03, p < 0.001), anger (F = 95.97, p < 0.001), and emotional dysregulation (F = 76.68, p < 0.001) across all groups of participants. These positive changes were sustained at 6 months post-intervention for anxiety, depression, anger, and emotional dysregulation. In contrast, PTSD symptoms only showed a slight, non-significant reduction over time (F = 0.59, p = 0.44). Additionally, there were no significant differences in outcomes between groups that received the intervention separately (survivor-only or perpetrator only) and those that received it in mixed survivor-perpetrator groups. CONCLUSION: Although the CRM intervention does not replace psychotherapy, it produced lasting and positive effects on mental health symptoms among both genocide survivors and perpetrators, particularly in reducing anxiety, depression, and emotional dysregulation. Importantly, outcomes did not differ whether the intervention was delivered to separate or combined groups. A randomized controlled trial is recommended to further evaluate the long-term effects of CRM on community healing and cohesion.