Abstract
Carbon dioxide (CO(2)) and carbon monoxide (CO) hydrogenation to methane (CH(4)) or methanol (MeOH) is a promising pathway to reduce CO(2) emissions and to mitigate dependence on rapidly depleting fossil fuels. Along these lines, a series of catalysts comprising copper (Cu) or palladium (Pd) nanoparticles (NPs) supported on zinc oxide (ZnO) as well as bimetallic CuPd NPs supported on ZnO or graphene were synthesized via various methodologies. The prepared catalysts underwent comprehensive characterization via high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) mapping, electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), hydrogen temperature-programmed reduction and desorption (H(2)-TPR and H(2)-TPD), and deuterium temperature-programmed desorption (D(2)O-TPD). In the CO(2) hydrogenation process carried out at 20 bar and elevated temperatures (300 to 500 °C), Cu, Pd, and CuPd NPs (<5 wt% loading) supported on ZnO or graphene predominantly yielded CH(4) as the primary product, with CO generated as a byproduct via the reverse water gas shift (RWGS) reaction. For CO hydrogenation between 400 and 500 °C, the CO conversion was at least 40% higher than the CO(2) conversion, with CH(4) and CO(2) identified as the main products, the latter from water gas shift. Employing 90 wt% Cu on ZnO led to an enhanced CO conversion of 14%, with the MeOH yield reaching 10% and the CO(2) yield reaching 4.3% at 230 °C. Overall, the results demonstrate that lower Cu/Pd loading (<5 wt%) supported on ZnO/graphene favored CH(4) production, while higher Cu content (90 wt%) promoted MeOH production, for both CO(2) and CO hydrogenation at high pressure.