Abstract
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has emerged as a valuable neuromodulation technique. Many clinical conditions are associated with brain damage, and in severe cases, structural changes such as skull defects are common. These clinical characteristics result in distinct electrical flow patterns during tDCS application compared to cases without brain damage. Recently, notable advancements have been made in both the medical and engineering fields pertaining to the use of in silico modelling and simulation with the aid of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). As a result, it is now possible to conduct simulations tailored to the unique structural anatomy of an individual's brain, using their own MRI data, to provide targeted tDCS. We have developed software that performs both segmentation and simulation, and have conducted randomized controlled trials using optimized tDCS for stroke and disorders of consciousness. Additionally, we have carried out simulation-related research on stroke and burr hole surgery. This review examines various articles related to simulation and optimized tDCS, evaluating their clinical implications. We believe that these insights will provide valuable guidance for both current and future applications of tDCS.