Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES: Conduct a multidimensional analysis of sleep perception, objective sleep, and neuropsychiatric wellbeing in individuals with subacute concussion compared to controls. METHODS: Thirty-one recently concussed individuals completed the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Insomnia Severity Index, and Patient-Report Outcomes Measurement Information System measures of depression, anxiety, stress, and cognitive function. Concussion symptom severity scores (Sports Concussion Assessment Tool) were obtained from participants' health records. Sleep parameters were derived from at least 7 days of monitoring with the Emfit QS device (total sleep time [TST], time in bed, sleep onset latency, sleep efficiency, wake after sleep onset). Data were compared to 19 controls using parametric or non-parametric tests for independence (α = 0.05). Pearson correlations and linear mixed models assessed relationships between data modalities. RESULTS: Concussed individuals reported worse sleep and had lower sleep efficiency, longer time in bed, and greater sleep onset latency than controls (p < .05). Patient-Report Outcomes Measurement Information System symptom scores moderated these relationships at significant or near-significant levels. Controls demonstrated agreement between reported and measured sleep (for TST: r = 0.52; p = .023) and a positive relationship between sleep dissatisfaction and wake after sleep onset (p < .05). These relationships were not observed in individuals with concussion. Moreover, individuals with greater discrepancy between reported and measured sleep scored higher on Sports Concussion Assessment Tool concussion symptom inventories (β (TSTdisc) = 9.5/h; p (beta) = .007; p (model) = .022; Total R (2) = 0.34). CONCLUSIONS: Individuals with subacute concussion exhibited worse self-reported and objective sleep than controls, but showed discrepancy between reported and measured sleep characteristics that correlated with concussion severity at diagnosis. Future assessment of sleep discrepancy may improve understanding of post-concussive sleep disturbance.