Abstract
Inhibition of DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair in cancer cells has been proposed as a new therapeutic strategy for potentiating the anticancer effects of radiotherapy. M3814 is a novel, selective pharmacologic inhibitor of the serine/threonine kinase DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK), a key driver of nonhomologous end-joining, one of the main DSB-repair pathways, currently under clinical investigation. Here, we show that M3814 effectively blocks the repair of radiation-induced DSBs and potently enhances p53 phosphorylation and activation. In p53 wild-type cells, ataxia telangiectasia-mutated (ATM) and its targets, p53 and checkpoint kinase 2 (CHK2), were more strongly activated by combination treatment with M3814 and radiation than by radiation alone, leading to a complete p53-dependent cell-cycle block and premature cell senescence. Cancer cells with dysfunctional p53 were unable to fully arrest their cell cycle and entered S and M phases with unrepaired DNA, leading to mitotic catastrophe and apoptotic cell death. Isogenic p53-null/wild-type A549 and HT-1080 cell lines were generated and used to demonstrate that p53 plays a critical role in determining the response to ionizing radiation and M3814. Time-lapse imaging of cell death and measuring apoptosis in panels of p53 wild-type and p53-null/mutant cancer lines confirmed the clear differences in cell fate, dependent on p53 status. IMPLICATIONS: Our results identify p53 as a possible biomarker for response of cancer cells to combination treatment with radiation and a DNA-PK inhibitor and suggest that p53 mutation status should be considered in the design of future clinical trials. VISUAL OVERVIEW: http://mcr.aacrjournals.org/content/molcanres/17/12/2457/F1.large.jpg.