Abstract
Growing attention is being paid to physician health and behavior, including the occurrence of mental health issues and burnout in medical providers, physician impairment, and alleged disruptive behavior in physicians. In any of these areas, a physician may become the subject of an investigation. Studying the experience of investigated physicians is important to identify and mitigate any potential adverse personal and practice impacts, which in turn can hinder patient care. The purpose of this review is to (1) summarize the published scientific literature to date regarding the experiences of physicians who have been investigated, and (2) based on these findings consider strategies to mitigate any adverse effects of the investigatory process for physicians. A search of the databases PubMed and Ovid MEDLINE was conducted in June 2023 using relevant search terms. After reviewing titles, abstracts, full-length articles, and reference lists, 16 articles were identified and reviewed. Physicians in multiple countries who had been investigated commonly described short-term (feelings of anger, depression, anxiety, shame, powerlessness, isolation, being betrayed, less confidence in clinical decision-making) and long-term (increase in defensive practice, retiring early) impacts of the investigatory process. Physicians found the most difficult aspects of the investigation process to be the length of time involved, lack of transparency/communication regarding the process, feelings of isolation, and dealing with vexatious complaints. While complaints about physicians have the potential to portend constructive individual practice and systemic changes, research suggests that the investigatory process for physicians is associated with negative short- and long-term emotional and practice impacts. Strategies to mitigate the unintended adverse effects of investigatory processes are proposed. Further research is warranted to clarify the investigation experience for physicians, including physicians underrepresented in medicine, and to systematically assess the effectiveness of strategies to mitigate unhealthy or disruptive components of the investigatory process.