Abstract
BACKGROUND: Many anti-seizure medications (ASMs) trigger neuronal cell death when administered during a confined period of early life in rodents. Prototypical ASMs used to treat early-life seizures such as phenobarbital induce this effect, whereas levetiracetam does not. However, most prior studies have examined the effect of ASMs in naïve animals, and the degree to which underlying brain injury interacts with these drugs to modify cell death is poorly studied. Moreover, the degree to which drug-induced neuronal cell death differs as a function of sex is unknown. METHODS: We treated postnatal day 7 Sprague Dawley rat pups with vehicle, phenobarbital (75 mg/kg) or levetiracetam (200 mg/kg). Separate groups of pups were pre-exposed to either normoxia or graded global hypoxia. Separate groups of males and females were used. Twenty-four hours after drug treatment, brains were collected and processed for markers of cell death. RESULTS: Consistent with prior studies, phenobarbital, but not levetiracetam, increased cell death in cortical regions, basal ganglia, hippocampus, septum, and lateral thalamus. Hypoxia did not modify basal levels of cell death. Females - collapsed across treatment and hypoxia status, displayed a small but significant increase in cell death as compared to males in the cingulate cortex, somatosensory cortex, and the CA1 and CA3 hippocampus; these effects were not modulated by hypoxia or drug treatment. CONCLUSION: We found that a history of graded global hypoxia does not alter the neurotoxic profile of phenobarbital. Levetiracetam, which does not induce cell death in normal developing animals, maintained a benign profile on the background of neonatal hypoxia. We found a sex-based difference, as female animals showed elevated levels of cell death across all treatment conditions. Together, these data address several long-standing gaps in our understanding of the neurotoxic profile of antiseizure medications during early postnatal development.