Stress-induced phosphoprotein 1 promotes pancreatic cancer progression through activation of the FAK/AKT/MMP signaling axis

Dependent on the extent of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) hydrolysis and/or ATP/ADP exchange, the stress-induced phosphoprotein 1 (STIP1) mediates molecular interaction and complex formation between the molecular chaperones heat shock protein (Hsp)70 and Hsp90. The overexpression of STIP1 is increasingly being documented in various human malignancies, including ovarian, cholangiocellular, renal and gastric cancers. However, the role of STIP1 in pancreatic cancer (PANC) and probable molecular mechanism remains largely unexplored.

Taken together, our results demonstrate a critical role for STIP1 in cancer metastasis, disease progression and poor prognosis, as well as, provide evidence suggestive of the therapeutic efficacy of STIP1-mediated targeting of the FAK/AKT/MMP signaling axis in patients with PANC.

In the present study, using clinical samples (n = 88) and human PANC cell lines PANC-1, Capan-2, SW1990, and BxPC-3, we demonstrated that STIP1 is aberrantly expressed in human PANC tissues or cell lines compared to adjacent non-tumor pancreas samples or human pancreatic duct epithelial cells (HPDEC), respectively. Clinicopathological correlation studies revealed significant positive correlation between high STIP1 expression and lymph node involvement (p = 0.001), cancer metastasis (p = 0.002), microvascular invasion (p = 0.002), advance TNM stage (p = 0.024), perineural invasion (PNI; p = 0.013), and cancer-related death (p = 0.002) among patients with PANC. Univariate and multivariate analyses indicate that STIP1overexpression is an independent prognostic factor of PANC. Furthermore, STIP1 knockdown significantly inhibit the migration and invasive ability of PANC-1 and SW1990 cells, while downregulating N-cadherin and Vimentin, but upregulating E-cadherin mRNA expression levels, concurrently. We also demonstrated that STIP1 knockdown suppressed p-FAK, p-AKT, MMP2, MMP9, and Slug protein and mRNA expression levels, thus, indicating, at least in part, a role for STIP1 in the activation of FAK/AKT/MMP signaling.