Abstract
Both troponin C (TnC) and calmodulin share a remarkably similar tertiary motif that may be common to other Ca2(+)-binding proteins with activator activity. TnC plays a critical role in regulating muscle contraction and is particularly well-suited for structural analysis by site-directed mutation. Fast-twitch skeletal muscle TnC has two low-affinity Ca2(+)-binding sites (sites I and II), while in cardiac and slow-twitch skeletal muscle TnC site I is inactive. Recently, using protein engineering, we directly demonstrated that binding of Ca2+ to the low-affinity site(s) initiates muscle contraction. In the present study, we use mutagenesis to determine whether either of the low-affinity sites in cardiac TnC can trigger contraction in slow-twitch skeletal muscle fibers. In one Ca2(+)-binding mutant, Ca2(+)-binding to the dormant low-affinity site I was restored (CBM+I). In a second mutant, site I was activated while site II was inactivated (CBM+I-IIA). Both proteins had the predicted CA2(+)-binding characteristics, and both were able to associate with troponin I and troponin T to form a troponin complex and integrate into permeabilized slow-twitch skeletal muscle fibers. A comparison of NMR spectra shows the aromatic regions in the two proteins to be qualitatively similar without divalent cations but markedly different with Ca2+. Mutant CBM+I supported force generation in skinned slow skeletal muscle fibers but had Sr2+ and Ca2+ sensitivities similar to fast skeletal TnC. Mutant CBM+I-IIA was unable to restore Ca2(+)-dependent contraction to TnC-depleted skinned slow muscle fibers. The data directly demonstrate that low-affinity sites I and II have distinct functions and that only site II in cardiac TnC can trigger muscle contraction in slow-twitch skeletal muscle fibers. This principle of distinct, modular activities for Ca2(+)-binding sites in the same protein may apply to other members of the TnC/calmodulin family.