Abstract
During inflammation, leukocytes extravasate the vasculature to areas of inflammation in a process termed transendothelial migration. Previous research has shown that transendothelial migration hotspots exist, areas in the vasculature that are preferred by leukocytes to cross. Several factors that contribute to hotspot-mediated transmigration have been proposed already, but whether one leukocyte transmigration hotspot can be used subsequently by a second wave of leukocytes and thereby can increase the efficiency of leukocyte transmigration is not well understood. Here, we show that primary neutrophil adhesion to the endothelium triggers endothelial transmigration hotspots, allowing secondary neutrophils to cross the endothelium more efficiently. Mechanistically, we show that primary neutrophil adhesion increases the number of endothelial apical filopodia, resulting in an increase in the number of adherent secondary neutrophils. Using fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based biosensors, we found that neutrophil adhesion did not trigger the activity of the small GTPase Cdc42. We used kinase translocation reporters to study the activity of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases and Akt in endothelial cells on a single-cell level with a high temporal resolution during the process of leukocyte transmigration and found that c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) is rapidly activated upon neutrophil adhesion, whereas extracellular regulated kinase (ERK), p38, and Akt are not. Additionally, we show that short-term chemical inhibition of endothelial JNK successfully prevents the adhesion of neutrophils to the endothelium. Furthermore, we show that neutrophil-induced endothelial JNK1 but not JNK2 increases the formation of filopodia and thereby the adhesion of secondary neutrophils. JNK1 needs its downstream substrate MARCKSL1 to trigger additional apical filopodia and consequently neutrophil adhesion. Overall, our data show that primary neutrophils can trigger the endothelial transmigration hotspot by activating JNK1 and MARCKSL1 to induce filopodia that trigger more neutrophils to transmigrate at the endothelial hotspot area.