Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The high morbidity and mortality caused by invasive mold infections require new and effective treatment strategies. Heat shock proteins, which are found in all living organisms, play a role in the homeostatic control of the cell and the stress response mediated by calcineurin. Their release increases especially under stress conditions, and they play a role in ensuring the stability of cellular proteins. Therefore, inhibition of Hsp90 or calcineurin may be an effective method in antifungal therapy. This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro activity of four different antifungal agents (caspofungin, amphotericin B, itraconazole, and voriconazole) in combination with fungal stress response regulators, Hsp90 inhibitors, and calcineurin inhibitors, against clinical isolates of Aspergillus, Rhizopus, and Fusarium. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study, the effectiveness of Hsp90 inhibitors geldanamycin, 17-(allylamino)-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-AAG), radicicol, novobiocin (NOV), and calcineurin inhibitors cyclosporine, tacrolimus (TAC), and rapamycin (RAP) combined with common antifungals itraconazole (ITRA), voriconazole (VOR), caspofungin (CAS), and amphotericin B (AMB) were investigated against four Aspergillus, three Rhizopus, and three Fusarium isolates using checkerboard method. RESULTS: The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)/minimum effective concentration (MEC) values of ITRA, VOR, CAS, and AMB were ≤ 0.25, ≤ 0.06-0.125, ≤ 0.03-> 4, and 1-4 µg/mL for Aspergillus spp.; 2-8, > 4, > 4, and 2 µg/mL for Rhizopus spp.; 8- > 16, 1-4, > 4, and 2-4 µg/mL for Fusarium spp., respectively. Although tacrolimus was found to have generally low MIC values (≤0.03 µg/mL) for Aspergillus and Rhizopus isolates, NOV, and 17-AAG did not exhibit antifungal activity (MICs>128 and ≥16 µg/mL, respectively) against almost all of the isolates. In combination testing against Aspergillus and Rhizopus spp., synergistic interactions were prevalent (≥75%) for the combinations of ITRA and all inhibitory substances, except for TAC. The effects of CAS and TAC in combination tests were weak. Moreover, synergistic interactions were not frequent in all combinations against Fusarium spp. However, antagonistic interaction was observed only in one ITRA and RAP combination throughout this study. CONCLUSION: The Hsp90 and calcineurin inhibitors did not have significant antifungal activity alone. Moreover, they did not show a significant antagonistic effect in combination and even increased the efficacy of antifungals at some concentrations.