Abstract
BACKGROUND: This study aimed to compare the use of real-time CO(2), temperature (T) and relative humidity (RH) sensors as indicators of stored grain quality management, specifically for early detection of mould activity and mycotoxin contamination. Initial experiments were conducted using mini-silos containing naturally contaminated wheat grain (1.5 kg) stored at different moisture contents of 15-30% (water activity, a(w) = 0.78 to 0.98), to evaluate their effects on grain respiration. RESULTS: Respiration rates and dry matter losses increased with grain moisture content. A larger-scale, nine-month study was then conducted using two pilot-scale silos (2.5 t; 1400 cm diameter; 2050 cm height) equipped with ATEX-compliant CO(2)/RH/T sensors. A 'wet pocket' was simulated by introducing water to a localised area to mimic a water ingress event. This led to a rapid rise in CO(2) levels while T remained relatively stable. Mycotoxin analyses of the affected and unaffected regions showed a clear increase in the concentration and diversity of mycotoxins, particularly aflatoxin B1, aflatoxin B2, deoxynivalenol, deoxynivaenol-3-glucoside and moniliformin, in the wet pocket area. CONCLUSION: Real-time CO(2) monitoring provided a faster and more sensitive indication of spoilage and mycotoxin risk compared to T and RH measurements. This highlights the potential for developing early-warning systems for stored grain management based predominantly on continuous CO(2) monitoring. © 2025 The Author(s). Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.