Abstract
Oxygen free radicals are highly reactive species generated by many cellular oxidation-reduction processes. These radicals damage cellular constituents and have been causally implicated in the pathogenesis of many human diseases. We report here that oxygen free radicals generated by Fe2+ in aqueous solution are mutagenic. Aerobic incubation of luminal diameter X174 am3 (amber 3 mutation) DNA with Fe2+ results in decreased phage survival when the treated DNA is transfected into Escherichia coli spheroplasts. Transfection of the treated DNA into SOS-induced spheroplasts results in an increase in mutagenesis as great as 50-fold. Both killing and mutagenesis can be prevented by binding of Fe2+ with deferoxamine or by the addition of catalase or mannitol. These results suggest that DNA damage and mutagenesis brought about by Fe2+ are likely to occur by a Fenton-type mechanism that involves the generation of (i) hydrogen peroxide by the autoxidation of iron and (ii) hydroxyl radicals by the interaction of the hydrogen peroxide with Fe2+. DNA sequence analysis of the Fe2+-induced mutants indicates that reversion of the phage phenotype to wild type occurs largely by a transversion type of mutation involving substitution of deoxyadenosine for thymidine opposite a template deoxyadenosine. Mutagenesis is not abolished by incubation of Fe2+-treated luminal diameter X174 am3 DNA with an apurinic endonuclease and only partially abolished by incubation with alkali, suggesting that a large fraction of the mutagenesis by oxygen free radicals is not caused by formation of apurinic sites but instead involves an as-yet-to-be-defined alteration in deoxyadenosine. These findings raise the possibility that free iron localized in cellular DNA may cause mutations by the generation of oxygen free radicals.