Abstract
Electrochemical biosensing has evolved as a diverse and potent method for detecting and analyzing biological entities ranging from tiny molecules to large macromolecules. Electrochemical biosensors are a desirable option in a variety of industries, including healthcare, environmental monitoring, and food safety, due to significant advancements in sensitivity, selectivity, and portability brought about by the integration of electrochemical techniques with nanomaterials, bio-recognition components, and microfluidics. In this review, we discussed the realm of electrochemical sensors, investigating and contrasting the diverse strategies that have been harnessed to push the boundaries of the limit of detection and achieve miniaturization. Furthermore, we assessed distinct electrochemical sensing methods employed in detection such as potentiometers, amperometers, conductometers, colorimeters, transistors, and electrical impedance spectroscopy to gauge their performance in various contexts. This article offers a panoramic view of strategies aimed at augmenting the limit of detection (LOD) of electrochemical sensors. The role of nanomaterials in shaping the capabilities of these sensors is examined in detail, accompanied by insights into the chemical modifications that enhance their functionality. Furthermore, our work not only offers a comprehensive strategic framework but also delineates the advanced methodologies employed in the development of electrochemical biosensors. This equips researchers with the knowledge required to develop more accurate and efficient detection technologies.