Abstract
Bisphenol S (BPS) is an endocrine disrupting chemical and the second most abundant bisphenol detected in humans. We have recently demonstrated that in utero exposure to BPS reduces human placenta cell fusion by interfering with epidermal growth factor (EGF)-dependent EGF receptor (EGFR) activation. Our previous work suggests that this occurs via binding of BPS to the extracellular domain of EGFR. However, whether BPS directly binds to EGFR has not been confirmed. We evaluated the binding ability of BPA, BPF and BPS to EGFR to determine whether EGFR binding is a unique attribute of BPS. To test these hypotheses, we first exposed HTR-8/SVneo cells to BPS, BPA, or BPF, with or without EGF. When co-exposed to EGF, BPS, but not BPA nor BPF, reduced EGFR phosphorylation by ∼60%, demonstrating that only BPS can interfere with EGF-dependent EGFR activation. As this indicates that BPS binding to the extracellular domain is responsible for its effect, we performed a computational search for putative binding sites on the EGFR extracellular domain, and performed ligand docking of BPS, BPA, and BPF at these sites. We identified three sites where polar interactions between positively charged residues and the sulfonyl group of BPS could lead binding selectivity over BPA and BPF. To test whether EGFR mutations at the predicted BPS binding sites (Arg255, Lys454, and Arg297) could prevent BPS's interference on EGFR activation, mutations for each EGFR target amino acids (R255A, R297A, and K454A) were introduced. For variants with R297A or K454A mutations, BPS did not affect EGF-mediated EGFR phosphorylation or EGFR-mediated cell invasion, suggesting that these residues are needed for the BPS antagonism effect on EGFR. In conclusion, BPS, but not BPA or BPF, interferes with EGFR-mediated trophoblast cell functions through binding at Arg297 and Lys454 amino acid residues in the extracellular domain of EGFR.