Aim
We report on the development and ultrasonic characterization of lipid-shell stabilized C3F8 NBs with integrated Sudan Black (SB) B dye in the shell as dual-modal PA-US contrast agents. Approach: Perfluoropropane NBs stabilized with a lipid shell including increasing concentrations of SB B dye were formulated by amalgamation (SBNBs). Physical properties of SBNBs were characterized using resonant mass measurement, transmission electron microscopy and pendant drop tensiometry. Concentrated bubble solutions were imaged for 8 min to assess signal decay. Diluted bubble solutions were stimulated by a focused transducer to determine the response of individual NBs to long cycle (30 cycle) US. For assessment of simultaneous multimodal contrast, bulk populations of SBNBs were imaged using a PA and US imaging platform.
Conclusions
We added PA contrast function to NBs. The addition of SB increased gas exchange across the NB shell. This has important implications in their use as multimodal agents.
Results
We produced high agent yield (∼1011) with a mean diameter of ∼200 to 300 nm depending on SB loading. A 40% decrease in bubble yield was measured for solutions with 0.3 and 0.4 mg / ml SB. The addition of SB to the shell did not substantially affect NB size despite an increase in surface tension by up to 8 mN / m. The bubble decay rate increased after prolonged exposure (8 min) by dyed bubbles in comparison to their undyed counterparts (2.5-fold). SB in bubble shells increased gas exchange across the shell for long cycle US. PA imaging of these agents showed an increase in power (up to 10 dB) with increasing dye. Conclusions: We added PA contrast function to NBs. The addition of SB increased gas exchange across the NB shell. This has important implications in their use as multimodal agents.
Significance
An effective contrast agent for concurrent multimodal photoacoustic (PA) and ultrasound (US) imaging must have both high optical absorption and high echogenicity. Integrating a highly absorbing dye into the lipid shell of gas core nanobubbles (NBs) adds PA contrast to existing US contrast agents but may impact agent ultrasonic response. Aim: We report on the development and ultrasonic characterization of lipid-shell stabilized C3F8 NBs with integrated Sudan Black (SB) B dye in the shell as dual-modal PA-US contrast agents. Approach: Perfluoropropane NBs stabilized with a lipid shell including increasing concentrations of SB B dye were formulated by amalgamation (SBNBs). Physical properties of SBNBs were characterized using resonant mass measurement, transmission electron microscopy and pendant drop tensiometry. Concentrated bubble solutions were imaged for 8 min to assess signal decay. Diluted bubble solutions were stimulated by a focused transducer to determine the response of individual NBs to long cycle (30 cycle) US. For assessment of simultaneous multimodal contrast, bulk populations of SBNBs were imaged using a PA and US imaging platform. Results: We produced high agent yield (∼1011) with a mean diameter of ∼200 to 300 nm depending on SB loading. A 40% decrease in bubble yield was measured for solutions with 0.3 and 0.4 mg / ml SB. The addition of SB to the shell did not substantially affect NB size despite an increase in surface tension by up to 8 mN / m. The bubble decay rate increased after prolonged exposure (8 min) by dyed bubbles in comparison to their undyed counterparts (2.5-fold). SB in bubble shells increased gas exchange across the shell for long cycle US. PA imaging of these agents showed an increase in power (up to 10 dB) with increasing dye. Conclusions: We added PA contrast function to NBs. The addition of SB increased gas exchange across the NB shell. This has important implications in their use as multimodal agents.