Abstract
BACKGROUND: Wunderlich syndrome (WS) is a rare condition characterized by spontaneous renal hemorrhage in the absence of obvious trauma or iatrogenic injury. Given that most WS cases are life-threatening and require prompt intervention, timely identification and resolution are essential. Patients with connective tissue diseases (CTDs) account for a small proportion of reported WS cases; however, owing to the specific pathogenic mechanisms and treatments associated with CTDs, these patients exhibit distinctive pathological traits and clinical features in WS. CASE PRESENTATION: We present the identification and treatment process of WS in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. This patient suffered from sudden abdominal pain and a drastic decline in hemoglobin level accompanied by confusion of consciousness. After the abdominal computerized tomography scan revealed the presence of a renal hematoma, transcatheter arterial embolization was performed on her. Unexpectedly, three days later, the patient had severe anemia and consciousness disorders again. Highly suspecting renal rebleeding, we performed a repeated angiography for the patient. After confirming the bleeding, embolization was carried out again. The renal bleeding stopped, and the patient's hemoglobin level gradually stabilized. Regrettably, this patient ultimately died due to multiple systemic infections. CONCLUSIONS: WS that occurs in CTDs can evolve into critical and severe conditions. Infection, immune complex deposition, thrombocytopenia, abnormal coagulation function, complement activation, autoantibodies production, and glucocorticoid treatment in patients with CTDs are potentially linked to the development of WS. The treatment strategies for WS should be guided by hemodynamic status.