Abstract
Rare earth doped materials play a very important role in the development of many photonic devices, such as optical amplifiers and lasers, frequency converters, solar concentrators, up to quantum information storage devices. Among the rare earth ions, ytterbium is certainly one of the most frequently investigated and employed. The absorption and emission properties of Yb(3+) ions are related to transitions between the two energy levels ²F(7/2) (ground state) and ²F(5/2) (excited state), involving photon energies around 1.26 eV (980 nm). Therefore, Yb(3+) cannot directly absorb UV or visible light, and it is often used in combination with other rare earth ions like Pr(3+), Tm(3+), and Tb(3+), which act as energy transfer centres. Nevertheless, even in those co-doped materials, the absorption bandwidth can be limited, and the cross section is small. In this paper, we report a broadband and efficient energy transfer process between Ag dimers/multimers and Yb(3+) ions, which results in a strong PL emission around 980 nm under UV light excitation. Silica-zirconia (70% SiO₂-30% ZrO₂) glass-ceramic films doped by 4 mol.% Yb(3+) ions and an additional 5 mol.% of Na₂O were prepared by sol-gel synthesis followed by a thermal annealing at 1000 °C. Ag introduction was then obtained by ion-exchange in a molten salt bath and the samples were subsequently annealed in air at 430 °C to induce the migration and aggregation of the metal. The structural, compositional, and optical properties were investigated, providing evidence for efficient broadband sensitization of the rare earth ions by energy transfer from Ag dimers/multimers, which could have important applications in different fields, such as PV solar cells and light-emitting near-infrared (NIR) devices.