Abstract
Breakdown of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is an early hallmark of multiple sclerosis (MS), a progressive inflammatory disease of the central nervous system. Cell adhesion in the BBB is modulated by sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), a signaling protein, via S1P receptors (S1P&sub1;). Fingolimod phosphate (FTY720-P) a functional S1P&sub1; antagonist has been shown to improve the relapse rate in relapsing-remitting MS by preventing the egress of lymphocytes from lymph nodes. However, its role in modulating BBB permeability-in particular, on the tight junction proteins occludin, claudin 5 and ZO-1-has not been well elucidated to date. In the present study, FTY720-P did not change the transendothelial electrical resistance in a rat brain microvascular endothelial cell (RBMEC) culture exposed to inflammatory conditions and thus did not decrease endothelial barrier permeability. In contrast, occludin was reduced in RBMEC culture after adding FTY720-P. Additionally, FTY720-P did not alter the amount of endothelial matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 and MMP-2 in RBMEC cultures. Taken together, our observations support the assumption that S1P&sub1; plays a dual role in vascular permeability, depending on its ligand. Thus, S1P&sub1; provides a mechanistic basis for FTY720-P-associated disruption of endothelial barriers-such as the blood-retinal barrier-which might result in macular edema.