Abstract
SignificanceBased on the analysis of three thermodynamic parameters of various M-S systems (solubility of metal sulfides [M(x)S(y)] in aqueous solution, volume change of the metal-sulfur [M-S] battery system, and the potential of S/M(x)S(y) cathode redox couple), an aqueous Pb-S battery operated by synergistic dual conversion reactions (cathode: S⇄PbS, anode: Pb(2+)⇄PbO(2)) has been officially reported. Benefitting from the inherent insolubility of PbS and a conversion-type counter electrode, the aqueous Pb-S battery exhibited two advantages: it is shuttle effect free and has a dendrite-free nature. Moreover, the practical value of the Pb-S battery was further certified by the prototype S|Pb(NO(3))(2)ǁZn(NO(3))(2)|Zn hybrid cell, which afforded an energy density of 930.9 Wh kg(-1)(sulfur).