Abstract
Biodiesel is of high interest due to increased demand for energy with the concern regarding more sustainable production processes. However, an inevitable by-product is glycerol. Hence, the conversion of this by-product to higher-value chemicals, especially 1,3-propanediol (1,3-PDO) via glycerol hydrogenolysis reaction, is one of the most effective pathways towards a profitable process. In general, this process is catalyzed by a highly active Pt-based catalyst supported on γ-Al(2)O(3). However, its low 1,3-PDO selectivity and stability due to surface deactivation of such catalysts remained. This led to the surface modification by WO(x) to improve both the selectivity by means of the increased Brønsted acidity and the stability in terms of Pt leaching-resistance. Hence, we applied experimental and density functional theory (DFT)-based techniques to study the fundamentals of how WO(x) modified the catalytic performance in the Pt/γ-Al(2)O(3) catalyst and provided design guidelines. The effects of WO(x) promoter on improved activity were due to the shifting of the total density of states towards the antibonding region evident by the total density of states (TDOS) profile. On the improved 1,3-PDO selectivity, the main reason was the increasing number of Brønsted acid sites due to the added WO(x) promoter. Interestingly, the stability improvement was due to the strong metal-support interaction (SMSI) that occurred in the catalyst, like typical high leaching-resistant catalysts. Also, the observed strong metal-support-promoter interaction (SMSPI) is an additional effect preventing leaching. The SMSPI stemmed from additional bonding between the WO(x) species and the Pt active site, which significantly strengthened Pt adsorption to support and a high electron transfer from both Pt and Al(2)O(3) to WO(x) promoter. This suggested that the promising promoter for our reaction performed in the liquid phase would improve the stability if SMSI occurred, where the special case of the WO(x) promoter would even highly improve the stability through SMSPI. Nevertheless, various promoters that can promote SMSPI need investigations.