Conclusions
Tβ4 is a novel endothelial secreted trophic factor that functions synergistically with TGFβ to regulate mural cell development and vascular wall stability. These findings have important implications for understanding congenital anomalies that may be causative for adult-onset vascular instability.
Objective
To investigate a role for the actin-binding protein thymosin β4 (Tβ4), previously shown to be proangiogenic, in mural cell development and vascular wall stability.
Results
Phenotypic analyses of both global and endothelial-specific loss-of-function Tβ4 mouse models revealed a proportion of Tβ4-null embryos with vascular hemorrhage coincident with a reduction in smooth muscle cell coverage of their developing vessels. Mechanistic studies revealed that extracellular Tβ4 can stimulate differentiation of mesodermal progenitor cells to a mature mural cell phenotype through activation of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ) pathway and that reduced TGFβ signaling correlates with the severity of hemorrhagic phenotype in Tβ4-null vasculature. Conclusions: Tβ4 is a novel endothelial secreted trophic factor that functions synergistically with TGFβ to regulate mural cell development and vascular wall stability. These findings have important implications for understanding congenital anomalies that may be causative for adult-onset vascular instability.