Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide due to its chemoresistance and poor prognosis. Currently, there is a lack of effective small molecule drugs for the treatment of ESCC. Microtubules are an attractive target for cancer therapy since they play a central role in various fundamental cell functions. We investigated the anti-ESCC activity and mechanisms of the small molecule tubulin ligands, SL-3-19 and SL-1-73, which are two carbazole sulfonamide derivatives, in vitro and in vivo for the first time. These drugs were previously screened from a small molecule library with over 450 compounds and optimized for high aqueous solubility [1,2]. Here, we reveal the promising activities of these compounds against esophageal cancer. Mechanistically, both SL-3-19 and SL-1-73 inhibited ESCC cell growth by inducing cell apoptosis and arresting the cell cycle at G2/M phase in a dose-dependent manner. These drugs effectively inhibited microtubule assembly, greatly disrupted microtubule maturation by down-regulating acetylated α-tubulin, and significantly disrupted the vascular structure by obstructing the formation of capillary-like tubes in vitro. Consistent with their in vitro activities, SL-3-19 and SL-1-73 inhibited the growth of ESCC xenografts and inhibited the microvessel density in vivo. In summary, SL-3-19 and SL-1-73 are novel microtubule-destabilizing agents that have a potential antitumor effect on ESCC both in vitro and in vivo, and SL-3-19 had a higher activity than SL-1-73, with a low IC50 value and an observable antitumor activity in vivo. These results indicate that SL-3-19 may be a new therapeutic candidate for ESCC treatment.