Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) presents significant challenges due to its aggressive nature and resistance to conventional treatments. While CAR-T therapy has shown promise in hematologic cancers, its application in HCC is limited by the tumor microenvironment (TME), insufficient T-cell infiltration, and antigenic heterogeneity. Nanomaterials offer a promising solution by enhancing CAR-T cell delivery, activation, persistence, and overcoming the immunosuppressive TME. This review focuses on the application of nanoparticles in CAR-T therapy, highlighting recent advancements in nanomaterials-based mRNA delivery, photothermal remodeling, and hydrogel platforms. Furthermore, nanomaterials-enhanced imaging tools enable real-time monitoring of CAR-T cell activity, improving therapeutic precision and safety. By addressing current limitations, nanomaterial-mediated CAR-T therapy holds the potential to transform HCC treatment, paving the way for more effective and personalized cancer immunotherapy.