Abstract
Copper oxide nanomaterials (CuONM) are widely used, e.g. as antimicrobial coatings, wood preservatives,fertilizers, etc. Life cycle aspects of Copper Nanomaterials (CuONM) toxicity have been scarcely studied in earthworms, as the focus has been on standard survival and reproduction toxicity tests. Standard tests do not allow for an understanding of which life cycle stage is the most sensitive, and how this can be impacted by CuONMs toxicity to cause longer term population level effects. Since CuONM may release free Cu ions (Cu(2+)) it is relevant to compare CuONM toxicity with CuCl(2) salt. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to assess the effects of CuONM and CuCl(2) throughout the different stages of the full life cycle (FLC) of Eisenia fetida while comparing it with the OECD standard test. Additional endpoints included juvenile survival, growth, maturation, besides survival and reproduction. The FLC test showed that e.g. juvenile survival was especially susceptible during the first 28 days post-hatching, neither juvenile growth nor time to maturity were related to exposure concentration. Both CuONM and CuCl(2) caused a concentration-dependent decrease in population growth, while a hormesis effect was observed at low concentrations of CuCl(2). A reduction in instantaneous growth rate was observed at higher concentrations. The FLC test and the OECD test had different exposure history therefore the ECx values are not comparable across the test systems. Hence, the FLC test enabled the detection of the most vulnerable developmental stages and elucidate different life stage sensitivities between the two Cu exposures.